In 2008, 35% of adults ages 20 and over were overweight and 11% were obese, according to the World Health Organization. Being overweight or obese may increase risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. While many factors contribute to being overweight and obese, there's a single path to weight loss: go to sleep with a negative energy balance, meaning burn more calories than you consume.
Researchers from Spain and Sweden took this principle to the extreme and conducted a study in which people ate very few calories and exercised for nearly nine hours a day for four days. The result: an average weight loss of 11 pounds. Here’s how it happened.
Fifteen healthy but overweight men (ages 18-55) were divided into two groups: one group consumed only 1.5 L of mineral water mixed with whey protein daily and another consumed only 1.5 L of mineral water mixed with sucrose daily. Each solution provided 3.2 calories per kilogram of body weight. The men reduced their calories from around 2,000-2,250 before the experiment to about 320 per day for the duration of the four-day experiment.
The guys did 45 minutes of a one-arm cranking exercise at 15% of maximum intensity then walked for eight hours at a speed of 4.5 kilometers per hour. During exercise, the participants were allowed to drink as much of a rehydration beverage containing nutrients such as sodium and potassium as they wanted. They did this for four days then received their normal daily intake of energy for three days to allow for replenishment of water and stabilization of body weight,says the study.
After the four days, each man had lost an average of 11 pounds, with about half of the weight being fat (mostly from the trunk) and half being muscle. Researchers followed up four weeks later and found that the guys had shed another two pounds, on average. After a year, the men recorded an approximate weight loss of five pounds compared to where they were before four days of eating practically nothing.
“Calorie restriction may change how our bodies secrete and respond to hormones that control appetite and it’s possible that's what caused the men to feel less hungry throughout the day,” says Neal Malik, Dr.P.H., R.D. “If the researchers were to replicate this study, they should consider monitoring changes in appetitive hormones in order to determine the potential causes for the long term weight loss.”
The researchers did not give the participants any guidelines for lifestyle changes for the year after the test, so it’s unclear why they kept the weight off. Malik says it might be because the participants were motivated by their rapid results to continue their efforts. Since the guys lost similar amounts of muscle mass from protein and sugar drinks, this protocol proved that even protein can’t save gains in extreme diet and exercise circumstances.
“If an individual were to replicate the diet and exercise regimens outlined in this study, he would likely lose muscle mass because in a hypocaloric state the body breaks down protein for energy,” says Malik. “Extreme diet and exercise regimens may alter the sodium, potassium, and calcium levels in the blood, which could be dangerous.”
The verdict on the four-day diet: It worked but it eats away muscle and it could be harmful in the long term. When it comes to tackling the obesity challenge, quick fixes are just that: quick. Developing a balanced diet is the key to weight loss.
“A more efficient way to lose weight while preserving muscle status would be to incorporate cardiovascular activity, strength training, and stretching along with a diet that contains approximately 45% of one’s calories coming from complex carbohydrates, 25% lean protein, and 30% fat (mostly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated sources). The goal would be to lose no more than 2 pounds per week,” says Malik.
- Source: http://www.mensfitness.com/
